HOW DOES CONVERT DIGITAL INFORMATION IN (COMPUTER) TO ELECTRONIC DATA & CAN GO THROUGH WIRES OR ANY SIGNAL ?

Well, this really borders on electrical engineering. The conversion between a binary stream of unmodified digital data and the transmitted signal occurs through modulation to more fault tolerant and/or less error prone signals. We’ll take ethernet as an example. Ethernet uses an inverted version of Manchester encoding. Manchester encoding is used for a multitude of reasons. For example, Manchester encoding is easily synchronised, and is less susceptible to losing the established synchronisation, since there are no long periods between voltage changes on the wire.

Manchester encoding features two voltage states per bit. It is the second voltage stage that carries the data. When the bit stream changes states, such as from binary 0 to binary 1, the second voltage stage stays identical to the first, that is, voltage is not changed for the second bit period. When the bit stream keeps the same state from bit to bit, such as a binary 1 followed by another binary 1, the second voltage stage changes to opposite of the first voltage state, signifying the change of state. An example binary string and conversion could be something like

Binary

1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0
—————————————————————
lo/hi lo/hi hi/lo lo/hi hi/lo hi/lo lo/hi hi/lo

Manchester

This is how the voltage is put on the wire. As you can see, when two consecutive identical states, such as a 1 followed by a 1 is transmitted, the second stage voltage state is opposite of the following first stage voltage state, while when the bit stream changes states, the second stage voltage state is identical to the following first stage voltage state, and the second stage of that bit is opposite of the first.

Encoding is used in everything from wire transmissions to optical media, such as CDs, where encoding is done on a 1:2 basis. That is, one byte of binary data is encoded to a two byte number sequence to facilitate the varying quality of CD readers and the inevitable wear and tear.

For radio and cellular use, modulation occurs as well, though this is done by frequency modulation, which is done by the same concept as voltage modulation.

For more information, you can google (or Wikipedia, there should be articles about these) “Manchester encoding”, “Frequency modulation” and “Eight-to-fourteen modulation”.